Subtractive Synthesis

Build sounds from scratch. Choose waveforms, shape them with filters, sculpt dynamics with envelopes.

Oscillators

Every subtractive synth starts with an oscillator. It generates a raw waveform — the harmonic content you will later shape with filters. Choose a waveform below and press play to hear how they differ.

This bypasses the envelope — use Trigger Note in Section 3 to hear the full ADSR shape.

Octave

Select a waveform, then press play to hear it

Check Your Understanding— Which waveform would you start with for subtractive synthesis?

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Understanding waveforms

Sine Wave

Contains only the fundamental frequency — no harmonics. Produces a pure, smooth tone. This is the simplest waveform.

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Triangle Wave

Contains odd harmonics only (1st, 3rd, 5th…), each falling as 1/n² — much faster than a square wave. This is why it sounds warmer and softer.

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Sawtooth Wave

Contains ALL harmonics (odd and even) at decreasing amplitude. Sounds bright and buzzy — the most common starting point for subtractive synthesis.

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Square Wave

Contains only odd harmonics (1/n amplitude law), each louder than the corresponding triangle harmonic (which fall as 1/n²). Sounds hollow and woody — often used for bass and pad sounds.

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Exam tip: A sawtooth is the go-to starting waveform for subtractive synthesis because it has the richest harmonic content to filter.